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Nyāya is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, renowned for its focus on logic and epistemology. It teaches that human suffering arises from false knowledge, and liberation (moksha) is attained through true knowledge. Nyāya philosophers were realists, believing that reality is knowable.
Nyāya aligns closely with Vaiśeṣika philosophy. It accepts the reality of the self (ātman) as separate from body & mind. Causation is viewed as an invariable antecedent of effects, with three types: material, non-material, and efficient causes.
Early Nyāya was non-theistic, but later thinkers like Udayana argued for the existence of Ishvara (God) as the intelligent cause of the universe. Liberation is achieved through true knowledge, sometimes aided by divine grace.
Nyāya’s logical methods greatly influenced Buddhist philosophers like Dharmakīrti, who adapted its theories of perception and inference into Buddhist thought on impermanence and non-self.
